Outside the pages of the New Testament itself, Athanasius is probably the man to whom we chiefly owe the preservation of the Christian faith. He was born around AD 298, and lived in
In 313 the Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan, which changed Christianity from a persecuted to an officially favored religion. About six years later, a presbyter (elder, priest) Arius of Alexandria began to teach concerning the Word of God (John 1:1) that "God begat him, and before he was begotten, he did not exist." Athanasius was at that time a newly ordained deacon, secretary to Bishop Alexander of
The Emperor Constantine undertook to resolve the dispute by calling a council of bishops from all over the Christian world. This council met in Nicea, just across the straits from what is now
The party of Athanasius was overwhelmingly in the majority. (The western, or Latin, half of the Empire was very sparsely represented, but it was solidly Athanasian, so that if its bishops had attended in force, the vote would have been still more lopsided.) It remained to formulate a creedal statement to express the consensus. The initial effort was to find a formula from Holy Scripture that would express the full deity of the Son, equally with the Father. However, the Arians cheerfully agreed to all such formulations,
having interpreted them already to fit their own views. (Those of you who have conversed with members of the Watchtower Society, who consider themselves the spiritual heirs of Arius, will know how this works.) Finally, the Greek word "homo-ousios" (meaning "of the same substance, or nature, or essence") was introduced, chiefly because it was one word that could not be understood to mean what the Arians meant. Some of the bishops present, although in complete disagreement with Arius, were reluctant to use a term not found in the Scriptures, but eventually saw that the alternative was a creed that both sides would sign, each understanding it in its own way, and that the Church could not afford to leave the question of whether the Son is truly God (the Arians said "a god") undecided. So the result was that the Council adopted a creed which is a shorter version of what we now call the Nicene Creed, declaring the Son to be "of one substance with the Father." At the end, there were only two holdouts, the aforesaid Secundus and Theonas.
(For a dramatic but historically accurate account of the Council of Nicea, see the play, THE EMPEROR CONSTANTINE, by Dorothy L Sayers, available in book form.)
No sooner was the council over than its consensus began to fall apart. Constantine had expected that the result would be unity, but found that the Arians would not accept the decision, and that many of the orthodox bishops were prepared to look for a wording a little softer than that of Nicea, something that sounded orthodox, but that the Arians would accept. All sorts of compromise formulas were worked out, with all shades of variation from the formula of Nicea.
In 328, Alexander died, and Athanasius succeeded him as bishop of
It was a final triumph as far as councils of bishops were concerned, but the situation was complicated by the fact that after Constantine there were several Arian emperors (not counting the Emperor Julian, who was a pagan, but correctly saw that the most effective way to fight Christianity was to throw all his weight on the side of the Arians). Under one of them Arian missionaries were sent to convert the Goths, who became the backbone of the Roman Army (then composed chiefly of foreign mercenaries) with the result that for many years Arianism was considered the mark of a good Army man. The conversion of
Since
For the New Testament, he lists the 27 books that are recognized today. (If you will look at your list of New Testament books, you may note that Matthew through 2 Thessalonians were never in dispute, that the next four were subject to relatively little dispute, and that the remaining books had more trouble being accepted. There were also a few books that looked as if they might make the list, but eventually did not, the most conspicuous being the Epistle of Barnabas, the Epistle of Clement, and the Shepherd of Hermas.)
For the Old Testament, his list is like that used by most Protestants, except that he omits Esther, and includes Baruch, with the letter of Jeremiah. His supplementary list is Wisdom, Sirach, Tobias, Judith, and Esther. He does not mention Maccabees.
Two quotations from the writings of Athanasius follow:
We were made "in the likeness of God." But in course of time
that image has become obscured, like a face on a very old
portrait, dimmed with dust and dirt.
When a portrait is spoiled, the only way to renew it is for the
subject to come back to the studio and sit for the artist all
over again. That is why Christ came--to make it possible for
the divine image in man to be recreated. We were made in God's
likeness; we are remade in the likeness of his Son.
To bring about this re-creation, Christ still comes to men and
lives among them. In a special way he comes to his Church, his
"body", to show us what the "image of God" is really like.
What a responsibility the Church has, to be Christ's "body,"
showing him to those who are unwilling or unable to see him in
providence, or in creation! Through the Word of God lived out
in the Body of Christ they can come to the Father, and
themselves be made again "in the likeness of God."
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If... it is by the sign of the cross and by faith in Christ
that death is trampled underfoot, it is clear that it is Christ
Himself and none other Who is the Archvictor over death and has
robbed it of its power. Death used to be strong and terrible,
but now, since the sojourn of the Savior and the death and
resurrection of His body, it is despised; and obviously it is
by the very Christ Who mounted on the cross that it has been
destroyed and vanquished finally.
When the sun rises after the night and the whole world is lit
up by it, nobody doubts that it is the sun which has thus shed
its light everywhere and driven away the dark. Equally clear is
it, since this utter scorning and trampling down of death has
ensued upon the Savior's manifestation in the body and His
death on the cross, that it is He Himself Who brought death to
nought and daily raises monuments to His victory in His own
disciples. How can you think otherwise, when you see men
naturally weak hastening to death, unafraid at the prospect of
corruption, fearless of the descent into Hades, even indeed
with eager soul provoking it, not shrinking from tortures, but
preferring thus to rush on death for Christ's sake, rather than
to remain in this present life?
If you see with your own eyes men and women and children, even,
thus welcoming death for the sake of Christ's religion, how can
you be so utterly silly and incredulous and maimed in your mind
as not to realize that Christ, to Whom these all bear witness,
Himself gives the victory to each, making death completely
powerless for those who hold His faith and bear the sign of the
cross? No one in his senses doubts that a nake is dead when he
sees it trampled underfoot, especially when he knows how savage
it used to be; nor, if he sees boys making fun of a lion, does
he doubt that the brute is either dead or completely bereft of
strength. These things can be seen with our own eyes, and it
is the same with the conquest of death. Doubt no longer, then,
when you see death mocked and scorned by those who believe in
Christ, that by Christ death was destroyed, and the corruption
that goes with it resolved and brought to end.
PRAYER (traditional language)
Uphold thy Church, O God of truth, as thou didst uphold thy
servant Athanasius, to maintain and proclaim boldly the
catholic faith against all opposition, trusting solely in the
grace of thine eternal Word, who took upon himself our humanity
that we might share his divinity; who liveth and reigneth with
thee and the Holy Spirit, one God, now and for ever.
PRAYER (contemporary language)
Uphold your Church, O God of truth, as you upheld your servant
Athanasius, to maintain and proclaim boldly the catholic faith
against all opposition, trusting solely in the grace of your
eternal Word, who took upon himself our humanity that we might
share his divinity; who lives and reigns with you and the Holy
Spirit, one God, now and for ever.
Psalm 71:1-8 or 112:1-9
1 John 5:1-5
Matthew 10:22-32 (Ep)
+ For information, visit http://elvis.rowan.edu/~kilroy/JEK/ +
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The Athanasian Creed
Written against the Arians.
Whosoever will be saved, before all things it is necessary that he hold the catholic faith. Which faith except every one do keep whole and undefiled, without doubt he shall perish everlastingly.
And the catholic faith is this, that we worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity; Neither confounding the Persons, nor dividing the Substance. For there is one Person of the Father, another of the Son, and another of the Holy Ghost. But the Godhead of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost is all one: the glory equal, the majesty coeternal. Such as the Father is, such is the Son, and such is the Holy Ghost. The Father uncreate, the Son uncreate, and the Holy Ghost uncreate. The Father incomprehensible, the Son incomprehensible, and the Holy Ghost incomprehensible. The Father eternal, the Son eternal, and the Holy Ghost eternal. And yet they are not three Eternals, but one Eternal. As there are not three Uncreated nor three Incomprehensibles, but one Uncreated and one Incomprehensible. So likewise the Father is almighty, the Son almighty, and the Holy Ghost almighty. And yet they are not three Almighties, but one Almighty. So the Father is God, the Son is God, and the Holy Ghost is God. And yet they are not three Gods, but one God. So likewise the Father is Lord, the Son Lord, and the Holy Ghost Lord. And yet not three Lords, but one Lord. For like as we are compelled by the Christian verity to acknowledge every Person by Himself to be God and Lord, So are we forbidden by the catholic religion to say, There be three Gods, or three Lords.
The Father is made of none: neither created nor begotten. The Son is of the Father alone; not made, nor created, but begotten. The Holy Ghost is of the Father and of the Son: neither made, nor created, nor begotten, but proceeding. So there is one Father, not three Fathers; one Son, not three Sons; one Holy Ghost, not three Holy Ghosts. And in this Trinity none is before or after other; none is greater or less than another; But the whole three Persons are coeternal together, and coequal: so that in all things, as is aforesaid, the Unity in Trinity and the Trinity in Unity is to be worshiped. He, therefore, that will be saved must thus think of the Trinity.
Furthermore, it is necessary to everlasting salvation that he also believe faithfully the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ. For the right faith is, that we believe and confess that our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, is God and Man; God of the Substance of the Father, begotten before the worlds; and Man of the substance of His mother, born in the world; Perfect God and perfect Man, of a reasonable soul and human flesh subsisting. Equal to the Father as touching His Godhead, and inferior to the Father as touching His manhood; Who, although He be God and Man, yet He is not two, but one Christ: One, not by conversion of the Godhead into flesh, but by taking the manhood into God; One altogether; not by confusion of Substance, but by unity of Person. For as the reasonable soul and flesh is one man, so God and Man is one Christ; Who suffered for our salvation; descended into hell, rose again the third day from the dead; He ascended into heaven; He sitteth on the right hand of the Father, God Almighty; from whence He shall come to judge the quick and the dead. At whose coming all men shall rise again with their bodies, and shall give an account of their own works. And they that have done good shall go into life everlasting; and they that have done evil, into everlasting fire.
This is the catholic faith; which except a man believe faithfully and firmly, he cannot be saved.
I have learned in whatever situation I am to be content. Philippians 4:11b
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